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by Aimonetti Gaël and Bonnafous Emilie (added 05.11.06).
During the last 20 years Tim Burton has gained a reputation as an emblematic director. His figure doesn’t go unnoticed and is highly recognizable because Tim Burton is a “Toon” and also an artist.
Above all Tim Burton is an author because he conveys a vision of his world.
From film to film he seems to fight against every day’s routine. The director lives only for eccentricity and it’s in the strange that he finds his freedom. Read more... |
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by Christophe Billan (added 05.10.06)AUDEN usually known as a poet is a complex, disconcerting and polyvalent writer. This web review aims at introducing this complexity and notably his personal perception of the modernity. Read more... |
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by Guillaume Corradino, Anne Celton and Maryline D'Arco (added 05.11.06).Voodoo, Vodun, Hoodoo, Cuban Santeria, Macumba, Umbanda, Candomble, Lucumi, Yorumba.. All those names, more or less famous, have a common point: they all refer to impenetrable, mysterious practices. Read more... |
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by Youssouf Mohamed and Elia André (added 05.10.06).New Caledonia or Kanaky is one of the archipelagoes of Melanesia, one of the three parts of Oceania. It has been a French overseas territory since 1946, of is approximately 19 100 km² located in the Pacific Ocean to 1500 km to the east of Australia and at 2 000 km at the north of New Zealand. Read more... |
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by Romain Reix (added 04.27.06)So, what is a loft ? " Lofts used to be considered multi-function residences with both living and work spaces within them. They've now evolved to become simply fashionable residences. Not everyone agrees on what exactly a loft is. Read more... |
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by Mlle Sebbagh Meriem and Royer Cécile (added 05.11.06).Global warming is a term used to describe an increase over time of the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Global warming theories attempt to account for the rise in average global temperatures since the late 19th Century (0.6+ - 0.2 °C) and assess the extent to which the effects are due to human causes. Read more... |
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by Ericka Hegoburu and Thomas Bnger (added 04.27.06)Peer-to-Peer file sharing is not a new phenomenon. The first P2P processes appeared in early 1999 and reached mainstream popularity within a few months, and Peer-to-Peer usage has grown consistently. Usage patterns have altered and the popularity of the networks has shifted dramatically, but consumption of network resources by Peer-to-Peer has continued to grow. Read more... |
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by Des Arcis Catherine and Pluquin Bénédicte (added 04.27.06)It is one of those undisputed tenets of faith of many commentators that France is the cradle of anti-Americanism. Indeed, the French seem to instinctively reject anything that comes from America simply because it has an American tag attached on it. Read more... |
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(added 04.29.06).Before the Moslem occupation at the beginning of the 8th century, the Iberian Peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms. In the 9th century, the Reconquista started in the North of the country with the Christian kingdoms. Read more... |
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By Jean-Bernard Castet and Perrine Tisserand (added 04.29.06).The theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace to account for the diversity of species on Earth, has been refined and expanded during nearly a century and half of research into genetics and other biological sciences. Read more... |
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By Claire Laganne, Sabrina Bouldi, Abderrahman Bouzid (added 04.29.06).The Uniate churches are so called since they are oriental churches but recognition of the Roman Catholic Church authority. Thus, their rites and practices are having received a different kind subject to the Pope’s decisions. Read more... |
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By Axell Dorion and Fanny Bouchard (added 04.29.06).
The story of gum begins with the American Indians, who discovered a natural form of gum-like resin by cutting the bark of spruce trees. After, modern chewing gum, made with chicle and similar latexes, appeared in 1869, invented by Thomas Adams whereas bubble gum was found by chance in 1928.Today, synthetic materials replace natural gum ingredients. Read more... |
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by Cappon Victoria and Le Meur Diana (added 04.29.06)Milan Kundera is one of the most important contemporary Czech writers. Kundera has done for his native Czechoslovakia what Gabriel Garcia Marquez did for Latin America in the 1960's and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn did for Russia in the 1970's. Read more... |
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by anonymous (added 04.27.06).The position of women in Islamic countries has greatly changed in a few decades, with access to education, birth control and jobs. But each advance is resisted and attitudes are harder to change than laws. Read more... |
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by Alexander Paull and Anne Bonicard (added 04.27.06).
In this web review, you will have more information about the European Constitution and how it is viewed in Britain. The first part is about the Europe and the EU Constitution. The second part is about the debate about the Constitution to be for or against. At last, the third part is about the referendum which will take place in Britain. Read more... |
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by Ilana Albou and Barbara Szerer (added 04.27.06).Israel is known as the sole democratic state in the Middle East. This is proven by the fact that in this country, where the army closely resembles a holy institution, disobedience has always subsisted. Read more... |
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by Nathalie Prentout and Amandine Eustachy (added 04.27.06)After the feeling of horror aroused by the Tsunami in South Asia, the issue of the orphans’ future has emerged. Indeed, the relief workers and associations, who help the populations in these affected areas, have quickly warned against the risk of child trafficking. This problem doesn’t concern only the young victims of the Ocean but also affects numerous countries all around the world. Read More... |
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by Elise (added 04.27.06)Federico Garcia Lorca is famous because he is one of the most popular and brilliant Spanish poets of the XXth century and because he was among the victims of the totalitarian regime of Franco. We are going to see in this web review how these two dimensions are deeply linked. Read more... |
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by Sylvain Letellier Antoine Sadoux (added 04.27.06)
Why have we chosen this subject? This is the real question. Where is the interest of such a small country, Read more... |
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by Ananda Le Ninan et François Rault (04.12.06).Professor Anthony Giddens stands among the most celebrated contemporary scholars. Born in a lower middle-class family, in London in 1938, he studied sociology and psychology at the University of Hull and gained post-graduate degrees from the London School of Economics & Political Science (MA thesis on “Sports and Society in Contemporary England”) and the University of Cambridge. Read more... |
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by Garcia-Viana Audrey and Spitz Laura (04.12.06).
Regarded as the twenty first century new nuclear challenge, the ITER project has generated a lot of debates. Pros, cons even those who believe ITER is not worth this attention, might all have unanswered questions which bias their point of view. However, the “sun on Earth” deserves at least to be explained. Read more... |
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by Pierre Grégoire (added 04.10.06) Who has never been surprised to surf on the net without realizing the time spent on it? Who has never stayed online longer than originally intended? Who has never used an intercourse to check his e-mails?
All these elements are components of a hot issue concerning new technologies and especially internet. Read More... |
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By unknown (added 04.04.06)
Debate about the morality and legality of euthanasia is, for the most part, a phenomenon of the second half of the twentieth century. Read more... |
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By Sylvie Estriga and Floriane Leblond (added 04.04.06)
John Paul II is especially known for his conservative positions regarding moral and theological issues. Nevertheless, he undertook a very active diplomacy, in particular through the innumerable travels he made during his long pontificate, which began on 16th October 1978 and lasted until 2nd April 2005. Read more... |
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Community of Sant'egidio
By Maxime Lopizzo (added 03.10.06)
The Community of Sant'Egidio began in Rome in 1968, in the period following the Second Vatican Council. Today it is a movement of lay people and has more than 50,000 members, dedicated to evangelisation and charity, in Rome, Italy and in more than 70 countries throughout the world. Read more... |
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Sufism
By Nadifa El Kilali and Joanne Chehami-Cisse (added 03.09.06).
Sufism and Islam cannot be separated, and Islam is not a historical phenomenon that began 1,400 years ago. In some way, Sufism is the heart of Islam, and it is as ancient as the rise of human consciousness. Read more...
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1962, Cuban Missile Crisis
By Françoise Journet and Lionel Santisteban (added 03.02.06).
The Cuban Missile Crisis is this crucial moment of the Cold War when the two great powers are going to fight in a dangerous face to face for humanity's future. The world is near a nuclear conflict. The happy ending of the confrontation will open to a period named Detente. Read more... |
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Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
By GORENC Thomas & MOURET Romain (added 03.02.06).
Considered on the one hand as the bastion of "euroscepticism", viewed on the other hand as the symbol of national sovereignty, the United Kingdom of Great Britain has always had complex and controversial relations with Europe. Read More...
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The controversy about hunt ban in United-Kingdom.
By Baptiste SCOLA-GRIMALDI (added 03.02.06).
Since 1949 there have been seven attempts to restrict or ban hunting with dogs in United-Kingdom. Finally, on 18th November 2004, the Hunting Act 2004 came into force, outlawing fox hunting, deer hunting, hare hunting, mink hunting and hare coursing. Read More...
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Music Online
By Aymeric Goetschy & Julien Grimaldi (added 02.28.06).
After years of extraordinary development and record profits, the music industry is said to be undergoing a big crisis nowadays. Music sales are slumping, and labels are financially not able to produce and distribute all the creations of their artists. Read More... |
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All about Chocolate !!
By Aurore Argans & Lucie Blanc (added 02.28.06).
Do you think that you know all about chocolate ? We hope that we will prove you the contrary… Indeed, as Chocolate's best fans, we thought we were familiar with it before doing a Civilisation Dossier report on the first term. So, we decided to undertake a real investigation to become experts on our guru. Read more... |
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The Bloomsbury Group.
By Eva Rougé, Corentin Chauvel, and Perrine Bonvalet (added 02.18.06).
The Bloomsbury group was the name given to a literary group that made the Bloomsbury area of London the center of its activities from 1904 to World War II. Read more...
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What is cyberpunk ?
By Benjamin Faure (added 02.18.06).
The word " cyberpunk " stems from a pun between " cyber " and "punk". Consequently, cyberpunk often conveys a rather nihilistic vision of a dehumanized and high-tech future, this is the "cyber" aspect of cyberpunk. Click on picture to read More... |
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Colombia's peace process
By PY Lin & LW Pan (added 02.10.06).
Every Colombian president since Belisario Betancur (1982-1986) has recognized the need to find a political solution to the insurgency. In 1984, Betancur signed a cease-fire with the FARC and M-19, which lasted for about a year, despite efforts by the armed forces to subvert it. Click on picture to read More... |
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Tea
By Teissier fabienne and Lemonnier yann (added 02.09.06).
In China,Tea is the expression of a cultural identity .In Japan , it is the object of a social and ritual life with an esthetical and philosophical caracter. But Tea is also the symbol of the eminence of occidental's rooms and hospitality of the desert's men. Read more... |
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International Cultural Policies
By Aline Foiratier & Jérôme Entressangle.
Culture is one of the definitions given to describe what makes a state existing and being recognized by its neighbourhood. Art was one of the first means men used to express themselves. Read more... |
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Subliminal perception
By A. Filliard, G. Favre & O. Briosne.
In the prophetic novel 1984, George Orwell foretold of a future in which our thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors would be controlled almost entirely by the media. This startling prophecy seemed to gain plausibility in the late 1950's after James Vicary reported significant increases in Coke and popcorn sales after flashing directives to "Drink Coke" and "Eat Popcorn" during a movie. Read more... |
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